Chlorine is more effective as a primary disinfectant and is used in the treatment plant.

As monochloramine is more stable and provides longer-lasting disinfection than chlorine, it is commonly used in the distribution system as a secondary disinfectant. Unless specified otherwise, the term 'chloramines' will refer to inorganic chloramines throughout the document.Ĭhloramines are found in drinking water mainly as a result of treatment, either intentionally as a disinfectant in the distribution system, or unintentionally as a by-product of the chlorination of drinking water in the presence of natural ammonia. This document focuses on inorganic chloramines, which consist of monochloramine, dichloramine and trichloramine. The term 'chloramines' refers to both inorganic and organic chloramines. Any measures taken to limit the concentration of chloramines or their by-products in drinking water supplies must not compromise the effectiveness of disinfection. It is not considered necessary to establish a maximum acceptable concentration for chloramines in drinking water, based on the low toxicity of monochloramine at concentrations found in drinking water.

9.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity.

9.2.3 Long-term exposure and carcinogenicity.

9.2.2.2 Monochloramine: immunotoxic effects.

9.2.2.1 Monochloramine: decreased body weights and blood effects.

9.1.3 Developmental and reproductive toxicity.

9.1.2 Subchronic and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity.

7.2.2 Rechloramination and temporary breakpoint chlorination.

7.1.3 Presence of ammonia in source water.

7.1.2 Considerations when changing disinfection practices to chloramination.

7.1.1 Disinfectant residual and microbial control.

7.0 Treatment technology and distribution system considerations.

5.4 Multiroute exposure through drinking water.4.4.4 Formation of chloraminated disinfection by-products.4.4 Application to drinking water treatment.4.1.1 Impact of chloramines on aquatic life.4.0 Identity, use and sources in the environment.

Total Registry 0.9.7.5 free instals